Descriptive Essay About Dog - 951 Words

Boomer was one of the best dogs I ever had; he was a yellow Labrador Retriever. Ever since I was born, he had been my friend. I remember a few years ago, I was laying on the floor of my room and Boomer laid down with me, putting his arm over my back. He brought me great joy. I remember him as playful, caring, and a pretty big dog. He would never growl at me and was always eager to meet new people. Boomer was my to go to if I wasn’t feeling good, or if I was upset. When I was in third grade, we got another dog, Oscar, and everything changed. He is a German Wirehair Pointer, they are bred to be hunting dogs. Now I had two dogs to play with. During the school day, before my younger brother, Wyatt, had started Kindergarten, he and my†¦show more content†¦I started to spend more time with Oscar and he became the dog I went to when I was depressed or something was wrong. All of the sudden, Boomer stopped eating and wouldn’t stand up to go outside. I was scared that my dog would die. A couple of days later he did. I recall waking up and him being gone. I asked my mom, â€Å"Where is Boomer?† and she answered, â€Å"Your dad and grandpa took him to the vet to be put down.† I started crying as soon as she gave me this tragic news. Boomer dying was one of the worst things that has happened in my life. At school that day, I told Will all about it. I cried at school and didn’t want to do anything. I wanted his food and water bowl taken away so I would forget all about what happened. Most mornings I would wake up crying about Boomer. I would dream of him most nights as well. My dad was very upset with Boomer dying too. He would talk to my mom about him a lot. I was upset for about a week when Boomer died. One day, Oscar and I went outside to throw around the dove. It brought me some relief that I still had Oscar to play with. I hung out with Oscar more than ever before. He would lay down with me, go outside with me, and follow me like a shadow. Oscar was upset too. He never barked before and now he would howl and bark like crazy because he was looking for Boomer. I spent more and more time with Oscar and he became my new best friend. I had fun with Oscar and my brothers. We started toShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Dog704 Words   |  3 PagesI love dogs and I’ve always wanted a cute fuzzy one of my own. However, my mom refuses to let me get a dog unless she doesn’t have to life with it. Even though my mom thinks they’re cute, she still dislikes touching dogs and thinks that they cost too much money. Luckily, my family shares a yard with one of our neighbors they have a medium-sized, black and white, Shiba-Inu named Takoda. She is like a cuddly ball of fur, like a pom-pom, but with ears. Takoda is a very friendly and cute dog who lovesRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My Dog1110 Words   |  5 Pageslooked at my dog and made eye contact with his large brown eyes. Time seemed to slow down as I read his eyes like an open book. I still remember the look today, while I was laying on the couch next to him. It was the most terrifying sight I’ve ever seen. My dog, my best friend, and the only thing to trust me with everything calmly could show that he had accepted death. For me though he was still could wagging his tail for us. The night I saw this was October 22nd at 8:02 PM. This dog changed my entireRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My Dog886 Words   |  4 PagesMy first dog was named Toby, he was a very white, ball of fluff. He blended in with the shiny white crispy snow on December 25, 2006. My sisters and I were on our way home from my dad’s house when all of a sudden we pulled into my mom’s house. On Sunday, December 25, 2006, Toby was waiting at our house. We all got out of the car on that cold snowy day and walked on the slippery sidewalk. The snow was like a chilling carpet on the bottoms of our feet. My mom opened the door with a camera so my sistersRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Dog Owners2466 Words   |  10 PagesDog owners are known for enjoying the company of their pooches and most dogs hate sitting at home by themselves when their family goes out. Although it may take work, teaching your dog to canoe with the family can be very rewarding. The first step is to get your dog used to the water. For some dogs this comes naturally and for some dogs this will never be considered fun. Some of this has to do with the breed and some of it has to do with how they were introduced to water. A good way to introduceRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My Dog Friend1356 Words   |  6 Pages My Dog, Cookie Today is the day when my life changed. My best friend is gone and I have no one to play with. I was really sad. I didn’t know what to say nor think. In school I was distracted. I couldn’t concentrate. I felt warm tears running down my cheek again and then I realize I was crying. I whipped my face feeling the warm tears on my hand. Mom picked me up early because I was crying, a lot but I didn’t want to go home because I knew he would not be there. I wish he would come back. I wantRead MoreThe Miss Dennis School Of Writing, By Alice Steinbach, And No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch858 Words   |  4 PagesIn the essays The Miss Dennis School of Writing, by Alice Steinbach, and No Wonder They Call me a Bitch, by Ann Hodgman, both authors use description to get across the points they wish to make. The authors’ purpose for both of these essays are to catch the reader’s attention as well as to provide the readers with life lessons through descriptive writing . In â€Å"The Miss Dennis School of Writing,† Steinbach is trying to teach people about descriptive writing from her own experiences through her teacherRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Mary Crow Dog And Graduation By Maya Angelou1640 Words   |  7 Pagesnot. Mary Crow Dog and Maya Angelou are both effective rhetors because their rhetorical situations work together to make their essays compelling. â€Å"Civilize Them with a Stick† by Mary Crow Dog and â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou each introduce effective rhetorical situations as they establish their individual identity through their educational experiences. â€Å"Civilize Them with a Stick† by Mary Crow Dog and â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou are each experts of autobiographies written about their own personalRead MoreThe Task Of Composing A Descriptive Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, my Composition I teacher assigned the class the task of composing a descriptive essay. This led me to the question, â€Å"what is a descriptive essay?† What topic could I possible write about for three whole pages? What have I done, seen, or experience that could fill these three long pages? My life thus far has been quite sheltered, so this has created quite the dilemma for me. Being that I am supposed to be descriptive, I feel the need to describe the stress that this has created for me. My physicalRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Quindlen and Lutz800 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast of Quindlen and Lutz Upon reading and examining two essays, â€Å"Life under the chief doublespeak officer† a narrative by William Lutz and â€Å"Homeless†, a descriptive by Anna Quindlen, I firmly believe that Quindlen provides the preferred essay due to the gravity of her subject, greater personal relevance, and that her material allows the reader to sympathize with the subject matter. William Lutz’s essay addresses the growing trend in Corporate America to disguise actions with wordsRead MoreParables in the Quran1032 Words   |  5 PagesQuran Essay Upon my reading of the Quran, I found that many themes of this text are wrapped up in parables. Being the Christian man that I am, I am fascinated not only with parables in the Bible, but also Parables in other religious text as well. For this paper I will be focusing on parables and why they are key in many Muslims paths to spiritual ascension. According to the Ahlul Bayt Librabry, an online source for understand the Quran, the central theme of the Quran is training its follower

Analysis Of Tagore s The New Woman - 1415 Words

Tagore’s portrayal of underprivileged women like Chandalika, Chitrangada or Srimati is a reflection of the idea of the ‘new woman’ that had emerged from the time of the Bengal Renaissance, and feminism in Rabindranath challenges the traditional view of women as the weaker sex. He urged women to step out of the precincts of their home to pursue education and cultivate their intellect stressing the importance of their autonomous self development. So he chooses the icons of marginality-warriors, untouchables, dancing girls in his women centred dramas to portray the radical nature of his conception of women and the maturation of their self hood. This paper is a humble attempt to showcase how the underprivileged women protest for establishing their identity as ‘new women’ as reflected in Tagore’s Chandalika and Natir Puja. Keywords: Underprivileged, new woman, identity. Modern age is considered to be the age of feminism. Women in the modern period have proved their equality to their male counterparts crossing the barriers of society. Literature being the mirror to society, takes the charge of registering the voice of protest and proclamation, of self realization that was inevitable to reconstruct the human identity of those who are neglected, oppressed and deprived. The term â€Å"New Woman† signifies the awakening of woman into a new realization of her place and position in family and society. Conscious of her individuality, the new Indian woman tries to assert herShow MoreRelatedcommodification of women3159 Words   |  13 PagesWOMAN AND ADVERTISING Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience(viewers, readers, listeners)to take some action with respect to products, ideas or services. 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Place 23 SWOT ANALYSIS 24 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS 26 MARKET SEGMENTATION 28 POSITIONINGRead MoreSummer Internship in Lic9205 Words   |  37 PagesIndian and National Insurance in Calcutta and the Co-operative Assurance at Lahore were established in 1906. In 1907, Hindustan Co-operative Insurance Company took its birth in one of the rooms of the Jorasanko, house of the great poet Rabindranath Tagore, in Calcutta. The Indian Mercantile, General Assurance and Swadeshi Life (later Bombay Life) were some of the companies established during the same period. Prior to 1912 India had no legislation to regulate insurance business. In the year 1912, theRead MoreArmed Forces Special Powers Act in India8058 Words   |  33 PagesDEFENCES TO THE ACT a. INTRODUCTION b. NECESSITY c. LEGALITIES AT THE TACTICAL LEVEL d. OTHER ASPECTS e. LOOKING AHEAD 5. JEEVAN REDDY COMMISSION 6. NON- STATE REACTIONS TO THE ACT AND COMMENTRY 7. NON- GOVENRMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ANALYSIS OF THE ACT 8. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE ACT a. IROM SHARMILA- IRON LADY OF MANIPUR b. WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS IN MANIPUR- EMERGENCE OF THE MEIRA PAIBIS 9. CONCLUSION 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTIONRead MoreSummer Internship in Lic9217 Words   |  37 PagesIndian and National Insurance in Calcutta and the Co-operative Assurance at Lahore were established in 1906. In 1907, Hindustan Co-operative Insurance Company took its birth in one of the rooms of the Jorasanko, house of the great poet Rabindranath Tagore, in Calcutta. The Indian Mercantile, General Assurance and Swadeshi Life (later Bombay Life) were some of the companies established during the same period. Prior to 1912 India had no legislation to regulate insurance business. In the year 1912, theRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesExecutive Summary On December 3, 1984, toxic poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. 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Ever After And Cinderella Essay Example For Students

Ever After And Cinderella Essay When most people think of the movie, Cinderella, they think of theanimated Disney version with the little mice and the happy ending whereCinderella marries the prince and they live happily ever after. While the movieEver After is based on Cinderella, it is not animated, but still hasmany of the same characteristics as the Disney version. Of course it is notexactly the same, and since it is not animated there are many differences. InEver After, Drew Barrymore portrays the character Cinderella, who in thebeginning of this movie is called Danielle. In the very beginning, it shows howDanielles father died and how she went off to live with her wicked stepmotherand stepsisters. In Cinderella, both of the stepsisters are wicked, but inEver After, her sister Jacqueline is not so wicked and usually sides withDanielle. In Ever After, Jacqueline is the not so pretty and quiet sisterand Marguerite is the loud obnoxious pretty one. One similarity is that in bothmovies, Cinderella and Danielle are servants to their stepmother andstepsisters. They are also not allowed to eat with them, only serve them. InEver After, Danielles only friends are the other servants of the house,this is similar to how Cinderella is friends with the mice that live in herhouse. In both cases their friends are always protective and willing to help. InCinderella, Cinderella doesnt meet the prince before the ball, shedoesnt even really expect to be going to the ball. In Ever After,Danielle meets the prince in a confrontation where the prince was actuallystealing one of their horses. Danielle starts pegging him with apples, but justas she realizes that he is the prince, she kneels down before him. Sheapologizes, but the prince is lenient and says he will not punish her. He alsogives her money to keep quiet about the whole situation. In Ever After,Danielle repeatedly bumps into the prince. Whenever she does meet up with him,she makes sure she is dressed like a courtier, so he doesnt think that she isa se rvant. They start to fall for each other and they spend more and more timetogether. In Cinderella, the stepmother tries to make sure that one of herdaughters is chosen for a wife by the prince at the ball. At first she tellsCinderella that she can go also even though its obvious that she doesntwant her to go, the same is true in both movies. In Ever After, thestepmother feels that her daughter Marguerite is prettier and more worthy of thecrown, so she puts more effort into trying to get the prince to chose her. We will write a custom essay on Ever After And Cinderella specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Before the ball, Marguerite kisses up to the royal family to reassure that shegets chosen. In Cinderella, the ball is held so the prince can get to knowthe young women of the town, and to see if he will be able to find a suitablewife. In Ever After, Danielles stepmother tells the queen that Daniellehas left and she will be getting married to a Swedish man, when really she waslocked up for fighting with Marguerite. Henry, the prince gave up on Danielleand his only other choice was Marguerite. The ball is actually held to announcethat the prince will be marrying Marguerite. Just as everyone leaves the housefor the ball, the servants rush to help Danielle out of the locked room. Cinderella is similar where the mice work frantically to help Cinderella. .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 , .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .postImageUrl , .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 , .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:hover , .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:visited , .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:active { border:0!important; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:active , .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223 .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub03b61dae6e496f43fdad9c1df7c7223:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing Environment of Mcdonalds EssayThe mice help make the dress for her so she has something to wear to the ball. In Ever After, Danielle has her real mothers wedding dress and shoesthat she planned on wearing to the ball. Meanwhile, at the ball, the royalfamily is just about to announce their sons engagement to Marguerite whenDanielle walks in. Henry, the prince, sees Danielle from across the room. Hetells his father to stop everything. His plans have changed and he announcesthat he will marry Danielle. Just as he does this, her wicked stepmotherinterrupts and explains that Danielle is only one of her servants. The princedecides that he will not marry a servant. At the end of the ball it is stillundecided for whom the prince will marry. In Cinderella, Cinderellaarrives at the ball, and immediately is spotted by the prince. They dancethroughout the night and get to know one another. The prince decides thatCinderella is his match. When the clock strikes twelve oclock, Cinderellarushes out to get home before her beautiful dress and coach turn back into ragsand a pumpkin. In both movies a shoe is l eft behind and is given back to theprince. In Cinderella, the prince has his men go all throughout the townlooking for the young woman whose foot fits the glass slipper. He has no ideawhat her name is or where she has come from. The men finally discover thatCinderella is the maiden whose foot fits. The prince declared that whomever itfits will become his wife. In Ever After, the prince decides that he hasmade a big mistake in changing his mind against Danielle. He takes the slipperand goes out on a mission to find her. Danielles stepmother had sold Danielleto one of the dirty old men of the town to be his servant. Danielle fights forher freedom and just as she is about to slit the man with a sword, he decideshed rather let her go than die. Henry eventually finds Danielle andapologizes to her. After they clear up the whole situation, Henry tells Daniellethat he wants to have her for his wife. She accepts his apology and they decideto get married. At the end of Cinderella, the prince and Cinderella livehappily ever after. In the end of Ever After, the wicked stepmother iscalled to the palace. She doesnt know that Danielle and the prince aremarried. The king and queen question the stepmother of lying to the queen. Theytell her that if she doesnt tell the truth, she will be killed. She confessesthat she lied to the queen about Danielle. Just then Danielle comes in dressedas the princess she has become, and her stepmother kneels before her. The onlypunishment that she gives her is the punishment that she had to go throughherself as a servant. The stepmother and Marguerite are brought down to thewashroom and they are put to work. Jacqueline the other sister is not punishedbecause her innocence had been noted. Of course Ever After is a little bitmore realistic because it is more like real life. Cinderella is animatedand there is a lot more make believe, such as talking mice. Cinderella isalso probably aimed at more of a younger audience and Ever After canappeal to a little bit older crowd. Cinderella is one of my all timefavorite movies, and know that Ive seen Ever After, it ranks right upthere with Cinderella.

Information technology Enterprise Data Quality Management case

Background information New York State department of Taxation and Finance is a great/principle government agency of the New York that is held account to several activities including, the administration, evaluation and handling of all Tax forms and Tax publications processed within the state, administration and enforcing of the Tax Laws of New York.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information technology Enterprise Data Quality Management case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is responsible to disseminating tax revenues to county governments and other state corporations. NYSDTF works under laws and rules (established by New York’s public officer of Law) which it must adhere to. New York State Department of Taxation and Finance has workers employed to work for the agency. It’s estimated that this government private agency employs an approximate average staff figure of 50-99 employees. These workers h owever, must also correctly and legally file their individual taxes else they would be subjected to termination. The agency has tax formalities for the residents which is quite different from that of the non residents. Problem statement New York State Department of Taxation and Finance made a great step to improve the services it provides to the United States residents and non residents by going online. It is evident that the tax payers can access tax forms of any category online print them out then upload filled up forms back to the NYSDTF agency. Immense paperwork involved in the data processing and the great numbers the agency serves at a time has caused several challenges to the NYSDTF. For instance service delivery to its clients has increasingly become slow, tedious and ineffective. Cases of inaccurate data entered by the data entry clerks into this system and transmitted have also been reported in several instances. Mob cases of data loss and incorrect data have been reported too at the company. It’s therefore recommended that NYSDTF adopts and implements a computerized system that captures and keeps track of its client’s data, further still the system should allow the clients to input data direct to the database. This will reduce on the faults of incorrect and inaccurate data.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manual way of inputting data into the system from the forms filled by their clients has raised eyebrows (data redundancy and late information deliveries) and action therefore needs to be taken. Also, manual systems are heavily dependent on the human ability in many things among them personnel efficiency and the ability to memorize things. This makes the system vulnerable to cases of sabotage and also incompetence handling of data. The ability of human beings to put in memory data of such magnitude is hard and unrealistic t o a greater extent. Since people have to pay their taxes as per the rules and regulations of the state, they are bound rather forced to incur unnecessary costs in seeking alternative sources that provide the same services offered by the agency whenever such faults occur. Measurement tools By use of written questionnaires, a research was carried out as it will be shown below. The questionnaires were evenly distributed among the staff of NYSDTF and some given out to their clients. Of the 2600 questionnaires given out only 2000 were returned for analysis. Findings on the analysis carried out basing on this research tools and show a great need for NYSDTF to adopt some improved functionalities of the same system to enable them serve their customers effectively and efficiently. This system would reduce on the data processing time for one; the client would be entering his/her own data direct to the agency’s database. Written questionnaires are a good tool for collecting information especially when you are getting information from a scattered population. They are familiar with most people. At least they are well known and require no or minimal introduction when collecting information. They mostly come in three parts the first one being the introduction bit that is meant to welcome the interviewee and soften the environment for question answering.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information technology Enterprise Data Quality Management case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a very important part in any questionnaire because it is a determinant factor to getting important and vital information required for your research. The second part is the body that contains the questions and can be called it the body of our questionnaire. The last part is meant to appreciate the efforts taken by the respondent in answering the questions given. Compared to interviews the responses gathered when usi ng questionnaires are more of standard and objective in the sense of being straight and to the point. They give the respondents an opportunity to express themselves and especially for the written questionnaires. They reach a large population and within a very short time. It’s just a matter of distributing the questionnaires to the people and later collecting them for evaluation and analysis purposes. This research method has challenges too for instance not all questionnaires are returned by the respondents, at time the respondents fail to answer all questions asked and more so when the questionnaire is too long they get bored and tired along the way. They are only relevant for the learned population; only people who can read and write. The open ended questionnaires mostly generate large amounts of data that in the long run take time to process and evaluate though we could limit this by limiting the amount of space left for particular questions. Below is a sample questionnaire questions used in our the researchAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A Research Carried Out At New York State Department Of Taxation And Finance Please note that the information you give will be handled as confidential we therefore urge you to give information to the best of your ability. When was New York State department of Taxation and Finance established? Who coordinates all data and information activities in the agency? What are the procedures to data processing rather how do you operate to serve a single client right from his/her registration phase? How many clients do you serve in a day and in a year? How do you capture and store information about your clients? Which areas do you serve? What challenges do you face in your day to day activities? Apart from use of questionnaires, I plan to carry out a pilot test with some customers and have them comment on the same. This will however be done after the new system has been created. This is a tricky point as the agency insists on giving their best in terms of service delivery. Thus, it cannot all ow systems that it is not sure of their performance to be incorporated in their operations. To deal with this, I shall use old data from the consumers. This shall not at any point interfere with the daily running of activities. Analysis of data Data analysis process involves thorough inspection, data cleaning (sorting out data and placing it in the right order and in the right place at the right time), transformation (in the sense of picking out facts) and modeling data with an aim of picking out useful information and making conclusions from a massive search carried out. As clearly outlined above, data analysis process comes in stages the first one being that of data cleaning which can still be done during data entry. Erroneous data is either removed or corrected. Initial data analysis comes in the second phase and should not be confused with the main data analysis phase. In this step or phase, one gets some guidance to answering the main research questions and totally refrains fro m answering the main research question(s). The quality of measurement is also done at this step where the information reported is compared to the actual data collected. This is an important and vital step and should not be left out otherwise the analysis would be done on analysis. Challenges One of the greatest challenges faced by New York State Department of Taxation and Finance on its online provided services is the complexity of the system. The system is a bit complicated and for an ordinary client wishing to use service might not be able to access what she/he wants. It faces a big challenge of finding ways to cutting the long queues made by the clients especially when making follow ups, inquiries and when making payments without pulling the services away from there clients(ways to totally eliminate paperwork in the agency). It is faced with the challenge of storing this huge amount of data in a systematic, accurate and consistent order. The quality of data is then checked to fin d out if the data collected portrays a state of the actual situation or the situation on ground, to find out the consistency of the data collected also to find out if this data collected is accurate on facts (Kirk, 2009). To also find out the Completeness, timeliness, accuracy and above all the validity of data collected. Another challenge that New York State Department of Taxation and Finance faces is the inconsistence of the customers. Though the customers that are served by the Agency can be broadly categorized as is done in other sections of this paper, the Agency has inconsistent customers. Being an international destination, a number of taxpayers enroll for a short duration and then leave the state. This category of customers increases the number of files that the Agency has to deal with. After an accurate evaluation and analysis of data collected, I am planning to develop and put into use an information system for New York Stated Department of Taxation and Finance. A system t hat will help the agency automatically generate invoices and forward them to the clients email addresses as soon as possible, help the company calculate and send bills to its clients either via mails or to their mobile phones as a new functionality added into their system. Also develop a simple online system that will help the organization advertise it’s self on the internet efficiently. The current agency’s website is a bit complicated which makes is hard to for one to find correct information -the exact thing one could be looking for. Information technologies help one to expand his/her business and increase individual productivity. These systems are good and allow input and output monitoring that in the long run can be used to monitor productivity across all departments in the organization. In turn this helps one even terminate employees that are not serous at doing their duties at the same time keep those that are performing at individual level (Evans and Lindsay, 1 998). That allows members to transfer money from their mobile phone’s account to the company’s bank account without necessarily having to travel all the way to the agency (Segalstad, 2008). This step however shall be dependent of the existing laws. Transfer of money through mobile phones in a technology that is yet to be legally enacted in many states. The Agency can attain this by joining hands with other organizations in the state to push the relevant authorities to pass such a law. Implementation One of the mandatory steps that are required of the company is to have an upgrade in its human resource. This has to be done in different phases. As noted previously in this paper, a vast majority of the current human personnel in NYSDTF have little competency in computer software development. The implementation of the information technology systems will thus require that the staff be educated on how to develop the system especially for them to be able to include the electr onic filing facility into their system instead of them hiring vendors from outside. This will require continuous classes that will be conducted by persons who are conversant with the system development be introduced. Though NYSDTF has an option and an ability to hire or bringing in staff that is literate in this sector, the move is not advisable since it might take them another decade to make them fully understand how it does its activities. The system transition requires persons who are conversant with the old systems for easy transition. The education on staff needs to be a continuous process. After the induction, the staff needed to be educated on the updates and developments in the fields of information technology as time requires (Evan and Lindsay, 1998). In addition to education of staff, NYSDTF also requires to bring in experienced system developers who shall see the implementation of the systems. The specialized personnel shall also be required to keep the systems updated wi th the developments in the information technology. This is to ensure that; one, the company keeps in line with the developments, two, the NYSDTF systems are not internally or externally tampered with, and three, that the other staffs are properly using the systems (Kirk, 2009). Apart from the change in education and in personnel, the implementation will require a work plan. A direct implementation will require that the company first halts its service delivery and concentrate on the implementation – this is not advisable due to the importance of the services offered by the company. Considering this, the company should change the systems in phases (Baschab, Piot, 2007). The following work plan is preferred; First, NYSDTF needs to have computerized top management. This implies that, all the top managers should have all their files in the new systems and introduce the electronic filing to its new members first. It should also ensure or organize training sessions for the old clien ts The second department in the work plan is the accounting department. This shall update its files and records starting with the most recent working backwards. This will ensure that customers requiring services during the implementation period shall receive using new systems (Kirk, 2009). Next is uploading of the old files and records of the field managers. At this stage, the physical files of the various locations previously mentioned shall be transferred into computer files. After all theses records have been updated, the implementation team shall need to create a database that shall be used to store periodical data. The database will be automatically updated once there are records updates in the field manager’s files and other departmental files. It is at this stage that the pilot test shall be run. The agency shall identify some clients who shall input their past data into the new system. The Agency staff shall guide the clients on the way to carry out this exercise. Aft er this, the client shall be required to comment on the new system. After the changes have been included in the database, the implementation team shall be required to introduce and educate people on how to use the new functionality in their website. The agency shall advertise its services as well as offer some of its services like, new registrations, answering frequently asked questions among others (Segalstad, 2008). Considering how NYSDTF carries out its activities, the massive population it serves, the challenges it faces and the achievements is has made in its day to day operations, strongly the company should take action to improving its services. Taxation is a vital and important activity in any growing and already grown nations thus NYSDTF provides an essential commodity and therefore needs to be current and organized for its services. As noted elsewhere in this paper, the implementation of the mobile tax payment shall be dependent of the legislation of laws that shall permit such a move. The agency may push for a private bill in this regard (Bernardi, 2008). Conclusion On personal grounds I would recommend that NYSDTF adopts live chat added functionality on top of them providing electronic filling with some bit of urgency. As noted in the paper, the population served by this agency is big and taxation is vital for the government also its people thus needs to take into consideration the facts mentioned above for it to continue operating effectively and efficiently. The live chat will address issues that are not clear to their clients when using the organizations online services. Tax collection patterns vary from one state to another and keep changing from one time to another and in this respect New York State Department of Taxation and Finance needs to adopt a system that will enable it capture proper records and give responses fast. The organization confesses to have adapted staff that is not trained and thus had a great task and still concerned to mak ing sure that the staff is trained and properly trained. References Baschab, J., Piot, J., (2007). The executive’s guide to information technology. New Jersey: John Willey sons Inc Bernardi, L., (2008). Tax systems and tax reforms in Latin America. New York: Routledge Evans, J., and Lindsay, W., (2008). Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence Eighth Edition. New York: Thomson South-Western Kirk, A., (2009). Information Technology. New York: print Matters Inc Segalstad, S., (2008). International IT Regulations and Compliance: Quality Standards. New Jersey: John Willey sons Inc This essay on Information technology Enterprise Data Quality Management case was written and submitted by user Vaughn H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fourteen Amendment Reconstruction Essays

Fourteen Amendment Reconstruction Essays Fourteen Amendment Reconstruction Essay Fourteen Amendment Reconstruction Essay The fourteenth amendment reconstruction was generally a proposal intention that was objectively driven by the congress on thirteenth June in the year eighteen sixty-six. It was a serious effort commitment by the congress to propose it in the United States constitution as they had wished before. In order for this proposal to have become an official amendment, it was subjected to different trials and procedures which were to be successfully handled in order to be official as an amendment. Basically, the proposal has to achieve the ratification by the representative legislatures, who were supposed to be an origin from the required states in order for the proposal to achieve a successful amendment. Though the amendment was to empower, it was rejected by most states who were from the southern states, though this was not in a position of stopping the implementation since the requirement was fulfilled which was a ratification by the three-fourth of the states , known as the Reconstruction C onsidering the continuous positive progress that the proposal achieved, on twentieth July, eighteen sixty-eight, the amendment was able to be ratified and William Seward who was the states secretary confirm the certification on the amendment ratification, later after all the required procedure met , it was with pride fulfilling the intention of congress and was finally added to the federal constitution (Collins). Purpose of the 14th Amendment Purposefully the fourteenth amendment was to serve an integral role to some of the individuals who were by that time considered strangers in the united state; it granted the power for one to become a citizen through giving citizenship to all the individuals and members who were naturalized and born in the United States, generally this were a group of slaves who obtained their freedom and were now free after the civil war. In reference to (Scaturro) the fourteenth amendment had an important role to play as it was;; projected by the congress. Firstly, the amendment; was to help in the addressing of; the rights of citizens, it was to offer support and protection to the citizens rights considering the tradition which at one point was oppressive in nature and didn;t give freedom to all .additionally, the proposal was raised to curb the uncertainty and the level; of discrimination, that was being experienced during the that time, some selected people had no freedom to do a lot of things an d were existing and being kept as slaves to just work and not to be seen and heard. The amendment was to offer a solution to the improper treatment of the men who were freed after the war was over, through being granted citizenship, the amendment was so helpful , they become citizens who were now had the total right to enjoy their rights as part and parcel of one family of united states. : Since 14th amendment was favoring both African American and women, both the two parties tried taking advantage it; women mostly used it to demand their rights to be recognized as useful member of the society, they fight and demonstrated to sensitize on the prevention of woman discrimination, women wanted themselves to respected and to be recognized as useful members of the society. In this case, the amendment worked in their favor since they were able to fight for their rights. African American t one point became so rebellious and was now using the amendment to gain respect and make them known (Scaturro) Notably, this amendment was beneficial to humanity since it was able to forbid any state to deny any individual liberty, life or property without the proper process of using the law. It also forbids denial of any individual within its jurisdiction the fairness and balance protection of the law. The rule was applied to all black Americans except the Indians and the barred, who didn;t enjoy this privilege. The 14th amendment was so integral and crucial since it was able to solve and address apportionment. This gave; Blacks the respected they were craving for , the dignity and the stipulation of being appreciated and being able to identify as a whole individual and not half as the white ; used to refer to them before. Blacks were viewed as kids who were not able to reason as a grown up and make a; sound decision, this made black people be either be seen as kids or a half a human being whose brain have not well developed. With the 14th amendment, this perception was removed and blacks were now being able to be counted as one whole individual, evidently in the constitution, before when it comes to counting, or recognizing the presence of a black person, they were being counted as a fifth of an individual. This was not fair and it was a strategy to undermine black and make them work hard for the white people. Effects of the 14th Amendment on constitutional law Additionally, the application of the; 14th amendment had a great impact on how the government of united states was functioning, it placed a limiting standard on the amount of power the state government could own, this was contrary to the past where the state government had all the power which were even frustrating black people. Most of the protection that was implemented and added to the bill of right was only not active in the federal government; the same bill also impacted and was implemented in the states (McKitrick). This withdrew some power that state had and some restriction when it comes to the bill of rights was implemented. Limitation of the Amendment Considering all the good benefit that was associated with the fourteenth amendment especially to the black community, the 14th amendment was still in it circles associated with some limitation that the black didn;t enjoy. Though blacks were granted the full freedom and the ability to become citizens of United States through birth and naturalization, they didn;t enjoy the freedom to vote for the best leader of their choice. This still made them separated since they started feeling like they are not part of the full citizenship if they cannot vote and even elect the best leader to rule them. Blacks grievances of not being given the opportunity to votes were later considered in the fifteenth amendment, which took place in the eighteen seventy. Additionally, the 14th amendment made blacks have equal rights, when the federal law was involved and put into consideration. This was in return inserted pressure and at one point the federal government faced a lot of challenges implementing and hindrance in the policies enforcement. In most parts of the south, blacks were murdered and even kept franchised through methods like the poll taxes and the literacy test (Halbrook). Some groups that were dangerous for example as Ku Klux made a tough reconstruction by murdering the black people and even leaders from the republican side. Section of the Amendment ;Basically, the first section of the fourteenth amendment, focused on; immunities clauses which focused mostly on fighting against racism, it was majorly implemented to support the black and ,due process clause, was able to protect an individual through protecting individuals deprivation of life ,property, and liberty. In; citizenship clauses; a wider definition of citizenship, various ways one can be a citizen of united states and the role and responsibility of a citizen, privileges clauses, and the equal protection clauses (Berkin et al.). Conclusion In conclusion, the 14th amendment worked very hard in resolving one of the pre-civil war issues that were mostly affecting the African American, the amendment was in return quite beneficial since, it acted like a bridge, which brought the connection between slavery and total freedom. Blacks could receive citizenship through naturalization and through birth; this was a breakthrough from slavery since they were given the sense of belonging by acquiring citizenship. Through the amendment, the African America were given the confirmation of different opportunities rights and privileges of a normal citizen with equal protection of the law, this amendment was a breakthrough for African American. Work cited Berkin, Carol et al. Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877. Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Collins, Charles Wallace. The Fourteenth Amendment and the States: A Study of the Operation of the Restraint Clauses of Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Springer Science ; Business Media, 2013. Print. Halbrook, Stephen P. Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, 1866-1876. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. Print. McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 1988. Print. Scaturro, Frank J. The Supreme Court;s Retreat from Reconstruction: A Distortion of Constitutional Jurisprudence. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. Print.

Biography of Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Pioneer

Biography of Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913–October 24, 2005) was a civil rights activist in Alabama when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white person: her case touched off the Montgomery Bus Boycott and was a significant milestone forcing the Supreme Court to end segregation. She once said, When people made up their minds that they wanted to be free and took action, then there was change. But they couldnt rest on just that change. It has to continue. Parks words encapsulate her work as a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement. Fast Facts Known For: Civil rights activist in the American south of 1950s and 1960sBorn: February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama, USAParents: James and Leona Edwards McCauley  Died: October 24, 2005, in Detroit, MichiganEducation: Alabama State Teachers College for NegroesSpouse: Raymond ParksChildren: None Early Life Born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Her mother, Leona Edwards was a teacher and her father James McCauley, was a carpenter. Early in Parks childhood, she moved to Pine Level, right outside the capitol of Montgomery. Parks was a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and attended primary school until the age of 11. Everyday Parks walked to school and realized the disparity between black and white children. In her biography, Parks recalled Id see the bus pass every day. But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and white world. Education and Family Parks continued her education at the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for Secondary Education. However, after a few semesters, Parks returned home to care for her ailing mother and grandmother. In 1932, Parks married Raymond Parks, a barber and member of the NAACP. Through her husband, Parks became involved in the NAACP as well, helping to raise money for the Scottsboro Boys. In the daytime, Parks worked as a maid and hospital aide before finally receiving her high school diploma in 1933. Civil Rights Movement In 1943, Parks became even more involved in the Civil Rights Movement and was elected secretary of the NAACP. Of this experience, Parks said, I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no. The following year, Parks used her role as secretary to research the gang rape of Recy Taylor. As a result, other local activist established the Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor. Through the help of newspapers such as Chicago Defender the incident received national attention. While working for a liberal white couple, Parks was encouraged to attend the Highlander Folk School, a center for activism in workers rights and social equality. Following her education at this school, Parks attended a meeting in Montgomery address the Emmitt Till case. At the end of the meeting, it was decided that African-Americans needed to do more to fight for their rights. The Montgomery Bus Boycott It was 1955 and just a few weeks before Christmas and Rosa Parks boarded a bus after working as a seamstress. Taking a seat in the colored section of the bus, Parks was asked by a white man to get up and move so that he could sit. Parks refused. As a result, the police were called and Parks was arrested. Parks refusal ignited the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a protest that lasted 381 days and pushed Martin Luther King Jr. into the national spotlight. Throughout the boycott, King referred to Parks as the great fuse that led to the modern stride toward freedom. Parks was not the first woman to refuse to give up her seat on a public bus. In 1945, Irene Morgan was arrested for the same act. And several months before Parks, Sarah Louise Keys and Claudette Covin committed the same transgression. However, NAACP leaders argued that Parks- with her long history as a local activist- would be able to see a court challenge through. As a result, Parks was considered an iconic figure in the Civil Rights Movement and the fight against racism and segregation in the United States. Following the Boycott Although Parks courage allowed her to become a symbol of the growing movement, she and her husband suffered severely. Park was fired from her job at the local department store. No longer feeling safe in Montgomery, the Parks moved to Detroit as part of the Great Migration. While living in Detroit, Parks served as secretary for U.S. Representative John Conyers from 1965 to 1969. Following her retirement, Parks wrote an autobiography and lived a private life. In 1979, Parks received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. She was also the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal When Parks died in Detroit on October 24, 2005, she became the first woman and second non-U.S. government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda. Sources Rosa Parks, civil rights pioneer, dies. The New York Times, October 25, 2005.  Rowbotham, Sheila. Rosa Parks: Activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat ignited the US civil rights movement. The Guardian, October 25, 2005.Sullivan, Patricia. Bus Ride Shook a Nations Conscience. Washington Post, October 25, 2005.  Theoharis, Jeanne. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Boston: Beacon Press, 2013.

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Global warming - Research Paper Example While many people recognize and acknowledge that global warming is something that we should concern ourselves with, there are others still that believe the issue is either not that vital or that global warming is something that we can benefit from. However, given the rather drastic increase in the temperature of the earth, global warming is an event that should be taken seriously in the hopes of preventing drastic damage to our environment and our lives. History of Global Warming The premise for global warming dates back to the 1800s, when it was noted that, due to the first Industrial Revolution, the coal, railroad, and land clearing prompted greenhouse gas emissions to speed up (Weart 29). It was noted at the time of the second Industrial Revolution that electricity, public health, and fertilizers further accelerated the greenhouse gases. It was revealed the various ways in which the earth’s temperature was changing in relation to certain events or situations, such as wars o r population growth. It was not until the late 1990s that it was discovered that the changing of the temperature was changing rapidly throughout the world and fears began to grow about what global warming was capable of doing. In 2009, it had been announced that global warming was moving at a faster pace. ... Pros of Global Warming Many people believe that global warming can be beneficial to humanity and should be embraced, not feared. One of the examples as to how global warming can be beneficial is that some of the frozen regions of the earth, such as Arctic, Antarctic, and Siberia have the possibility of experiencing plant growth and milder climates (Houghton 94). This could also hold true for other places throughout the world that may be too cold for plant growth, which could aid in the issues of hunger in some of the third world countries. Similarly, the agriculture seasons would be much longer, allowing for increased production, thus aiding and boosting the economy. If the weather were warmer more often, there would be fewer injuries and deaths due to the cold. This could be especially helpful to people that live rather exposed in colder climates. It would also take less energy consumption to make colder places warmer, which would help the country with the ever-growing concerns of f inite resources. Though many of these sound like welcome changes to the way the world is now, they have their downfalls, thus turning down the potential benefits of global warming. The frozen regions of the world were not meant to have plant or agricultural growth, and this could prove to have repercussions on the ecosystem. An increase in agricultural bounty would be useful, but overproduction would not be useful. Finally, though warmer weather may mean fewer deaths due to cold weather, there could be an increase in deaths due to warmer weather if things get too hot for people. Cons of Global Warming Perhaps unsurprisingly, the cons of global warming greatly outweigh the pros. The greatest consequence we could see due to global warming is further complications with

Case management concepts to care for patients with high-risk complex Essay

Case management concepts to care for patients with high-risk complex needs - Essay Example Existing literature on the subject of case management has often found that it is successful and beneficial to the patient, their families and their caregivers (Bergen 1992; Pugh et al. 2001; Riegel, Carlson, Kopp, LePetri, Glaser & Unger 2002). Case management can be especially beneficial for patients that have high-risk complex needs, such as elderly patients with congestive heart failure and diabetes, and it appears to be cost effective and improve patients’ quality of life (Pugh et al. 2001). An example of using case management for patients with congestive heart failure is described in an article by Riegel et al. (2002). The study aimed to determine if a standardized telephonic case-management intervention had any effect on reducing the number of resources utilized by patients (Riegel et al. 2002). Participants in the study received standardized calls from a case manager on a regular basis over the six months of the study. Results of this study indicated that the phone call s did significantly decrease the resources required by patients (Id.). The telephonic case-management intervention also resulted in significantly lower costs for patient care. Basically, the study results found that the telephonic case management resulted in significant decreases in physician office visits, hospital days, emergency department visits, and rates of rehospitalization (Id.). Interestingly, the study also found that some of the telephonic case management interventions were more effective than others. However, it is not clear which factors of the intervention actually influence the effectiveness of the results and further research is needed in this area (Id.). Other studies assessing the effectiveness of case management in patients with congestive heart failure also found that case management intervention was beneficial to the patients (Laramee, Levinsky, Sargent, Ross & Callas 2003; Pugh et al. 2001). In fact, nearly all of the research on the subject of using case manag ement strategies with congestive heart failure patients found the intervention could be linked to decreased hospital readmission, cost savings and improved functional health status (Laramee et al. 2003). Another population which can benefit from case management intervention is the population of older people living in the community (Bergen 1992; Bernabei et al. 1998). Existing literature on the subject seems to indicate that integrated community care that includes case management strategies has positive effects on the elderly population that is living in the community (Bernabei et al. 1998).In fact, Bernabei et al. (1998) found the intervention led to reduced risk of hospitalization and reduced length of stay in the hospital or nursing home, less physical decline among patients, and reduced health care costs. Case management strategies have also been beneficial to elderly diabetic patients, especially those living alone (Huang, Wu, Jeng & Lin 2004). Elderly diabetes patients that liv e alone face a number of challenges and often cannot perform self-care independently (Huang et al. 2004). Through home-based case management intervention patients can be educated in diabetes self-management (Funnell et al. 2007). Results of the study indicated that a home-based nursing case management strategy improved quality of life for elderly diabetics living alone, although much more research is needed so that more strategies may be developed to treat these populations in our society Case

Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Investing Essay Example for Free

Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Investing Essay Key Concepts 1.The meaning of the term investment and the implications it has for individual investors 2.Review the factors used to differentiate between different types of investments 3.The importance of and basic steps involved in the investment process 4.Popular types of investment vehicles, including short-term vehicles, common stock, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, fixed‑income securities such as bonds, preferred stock, and convertibles 5.Derivative securities such as options and futures 6.Other popular investments such as real estate, tangibles, and tax-advantaged investments 7.Investment goals including income, major expenditures, retirement, and sheltering income from taxes; the latter includes analysis of tax-advantaged retirement vehicles 8.Building a diversified portfolio consistent with investment goals 9.Sources of taxation, types of taxable income, and the effect of taxes on the investor 10.Developing an investment program that considers differing economic environments and the life cycle 11.The use of short-term securities in meeting liquidity needs 12.The merits and suitability of various popular short‑term investments, including deposit accounts and money market securities Overview This chapter provides an overview of the scope and content of the text. 1.The term investment is defined, and the alternative investment opportunities available to investors are classified by types. 2.The structure of the investment process is examined. This section  explains how the marketplace brings together suppliers and demanders of investment funds. 3.The key participants in the investment process—government, business, and individuals—are described, as are institutional and individual investors. 4.Returns are defined as rewards for investing. Returns to an investor take two forms—current income and increased value of the investment over time. In this section, the instructor need only define return, since there will be another opportunity to develop the concept of return in Chapter 4; also, providing information about recent investment returns always engages students’ attention. 5.Next, the following investment vehicles available to individual investors are discussed: short-term vehicles, common stock, fixed‑income securities, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, hedge funds, real estate, tangibles, tax-advantaged investments, and options and futures. The text describes their risk-return characteristics in a general way. The instructor may want to expand on the advantages and disadvantages of investing in each, although they will be treated in greater detail in subsequent chapters. It is vital for any investor to establish investment goals that are consistent with his or her overall financial objectives. 6.Once the investment goals have been well specified, the investor can adopt an investment plan consistent with these goals, select suitable investments, and build a diversified portfolio and manage it. 7.Personal taxes are discussed in terms of types of income and tax rates. The investment process is affected by current tax laws. Examples of tax shelters, especially tax-advantaged retirement vehicles, and tax planning are provided. 8.Once investment goals are established, it is important to understand how the investment process is affected by different economic environments. The chapter talks about types of investments such as stocks, bonds, and tangibles as they are affected by business cycles, interest rates, and inflation. 9.Liquidity is defined, and short-term securities that can be used to meet liquidity requirements are described. The discussion includes a look at short-term interest rates and the risk characteristics of various short-term securities. 10.The next section covers the various types of short-term vehicles available to today’s investor. The text provides enough detail about everything from passbook accounts to money market funds to commercial paper that students should get a good grasp of the differences between the vehicles. Information on current rates brings realism into the classroom and enhances student perception of the lecturer as a knowledgeable instructor. Answers to Concepts in Review 1.An investment is any asset into which funds can be placed with the expectation of preserving or increasing value and earning a positive rate of return. An investment can be a security or a property. Individuals invest because an investment has the potential to preserve or increase value and to earn income. It is important to stress that this does not imply that an investment will in fact preserve value or earn income. Bad investments do exist. 2.(a)Securities and property are simply two classes of investments. Securities are investments, commonly evidenced by certificates, that represent a legal claim. For example, a bond represents a legal claim on debt, and a stock represents a proportionate ownership in a firm. An option, on the other hand, represents the legal right to either buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price within a specified time period. Property constitutes investments in either real property (land and buildings) or tangible personal property (Rembrandt paintings, Ming vases, or antique cars). (b)With a direct investment, an individual acquires a direct claim on a security or property. For example, an investment in one share of IBM stock directly provides the stockholder a proportionate ownership in IBM. An indirect investment provides an indirect claim on a security or property. For example, if you bought one share of Fidelity Growth Fund (a mutual fund), you are in effect buying a portion of a portfol io of securities owned by the fund. Thus, you will have a claim on a fraction of an entire  portfolio of securities. (c)An investment in debt represents funds loaned in exchange for the receipt of interest income and repayment of the loan at a given future date. The bond, a common debt instrument, pays specified interest over a specified time period, then repays the face value of the loan. (Chapters 10 and 11 cover bonds in detail.) An equity investment provides an investor an ongoing fractional ownership interest in a firm. The most common example is an investment in a company’s common stock. We will study equity instruments in greater detail in Chapters 6 through 8. Derivative securities are securities derived from debt or equity securities and structured to exhibit characteristics different from the underlying securities. Options are derivative securities that allow an investor to sell or buy another security or asset at a specific price over a given time period. For example, an investor might purchase an option to buy Company X stock for $50 within nine months. (d)Short-term investments typically mature within one year while long-term investments have longer maturities, including common stock, which has no maturity at all. However, long-term investments can be used to satisfy short-term financial goals. 3.In finance, risk refers to the chance that the return from an investment will differ from its expected value. The broader the range of possible values (dispersion), the greater is the risk of the investment. Low-risk investments are those considered safe with respect to the return of funds invested and the receipt of a positive rate of return. High-risk investments are those that have more uncertain future values and levels of earnings. 4.Foreign investments are investments in the debt, equity, derivative securities of foreign-based companies, and property in a foreign country. Both direct and indirect foreign investments provide investors more attractive returns or lower-risk investments compared to purely domestic investments. They are useful instruments to diversify a purely domestic portfolio. 5.The investment process brings together suppliers and demanders of funds. This may occur directly (as with property investments). More often the investment process is aided by a financial institution (such as a bank,  savings and loan, savings bank, credit union, insurance company, or pension fund) that channels funds to investments and/or a financial market (either the money market or the capital market) where transactions occur between suppliers and demanders of funds. 6.(a)The various levels of government (federal, state, and local) require more funds for projects and debt repayment than they receive in revenues. Thus, governments are net demanders of funds. Governments also demand funds when the timing of their revenues does not match their expenditures. The term net refers to the fact that, while governments both supply and demand funds in the investment process, on balance they demand more than they supply. (b)Businesses are also net demanders, requiring funds to cover short‑ and long‑term operating needs. While business firms often supply funds, on balance they also demand more than they supply. (c)Individuals are the net suppliers of funds to the investment process. They put more funds into the investment process than they take out. Individuals play an important role in the investment process—supplying the funds needed to finance economic growth and development. 7.Institutional investors are investment professionals who are paid to manage other people’s money. They are employed by financial institutions like banks and insurance companies, by nonfinancial businesses, and by individuals. Individual investors manage their own personal funds in order to meet their financial goals. Generally, institutional investors tend to be more sophisticated because they handle much larger amounts of money, and they tend to have a broader knowledge of the investment process and available investment techniques and vehicles. 8.Short‑term investments usually have lives of less than one year. These vehicles may be used to â€Å"warehouse† temporarily idle funds until suitable long‑term vehicles are found. Due to their safety and convenience, they are popular with those who wish to earn a return on temporarily idle funds or with the very conservative investor who may use these short‑term vehicles as a primary investment outlet. In addition to their â€Å"warehousing† function, short-term vehicles provide liquidity—they can be converted into cash  quickly and with little or no loss in value. This characteristic is very useful when investors need to meet unexpected expenses or take advantage of attractive opportunities. 9.Common stock is an equity investment that represents a fractional ownership interest in a corporation. The return on a common stock investment derives from two sources: dividends, which are periodic payments made by the firm to its shareholders from current and past earnings, and capital gains, which result from selling the stock at a price above the original purchase price. Because common stock offers a broad range of return-risk combinations, it is one of the most popular investment vehicles. 10.a.Bonds are debt obligations of corporations or governments. A bondholder receives a known interest return, typically semi-annually, plus the face value at maturity. Bonds are usually issued in $1,000 denominations, pay semi-annual interest, and have 20- to 40-year maturities. Bonds offer fixed/certain returns, if held until maturity. b.A convertible security is a fixed-income security, either a bond or preferred stock, which has a conversion feature. Typically, it can be converted into a specified number of shares of common stock. Convertible securities are quasi-derivative securities, as their market value would depend on the price of the common stock and the conversion ratio. c.Preferred stock is very much like common stock in that it represents an ownership interest in a corporation. But preferred stock pays only a fixed stated dividend, which has precedence over common stock dividends, and does not share in other earnings of the firm. d.A mutual fund is a company that invests in a large portfolio of securities, whereas a money market mutual fund is a mutual fund that solely invests in short-term investment vehicles. Investors might find mutual funds appealing because a large portfolio may be more consistent with their investment goals in terms of risk and return. As we will see later, a mutual fund offers the investor the benefits of diversification and professional management. Mutual funds do not offer fixed/certain returns. Mutual funds are quasi-derivative securities, as their market value would depend on the price of the assets that make up the fund’s portfolio. Exchange-traded funds are similar to mutual funds but are traded throughout the day on exchanges and priced continuously. e.Similar to mutual funds,  hedge funds pool the investors’ funds to invest in securities but are open to a narrower group of investor than mutual funds and may employ high-risk strategies. They do not offer a fixed return and are most often not based on derivatives. Hedge funds usually employ a professional manager. f.Options are derivative securities that provide holders the right to buy or sell another security (typically stock) or property at a specified price over a given time period. Factors like the time until expiration, the underlying stock price behavior, and supply and demand conditions affect the returns. g.Futures represent contractual arrangements in which a seller will deliver or a buyer will take delivery of a specified quantity of a commodity at a given price by a certain date. Unlike an option, which gives the investor the right to purchase or sell another security, futures contracts obligate the investor to deliver or take delivery. Factors affecting returns on commodity contracts include changes in government policy, unpredictable weather, trade embargoes, and other events. 11.Before developing and executing an investment program, an investor must ensure the following: ï‚ ·Necessities of life such as funds for housing, food, transportation, taxes, etc. are fully provided for. The investor is adequately insured against the losses resulting from death, illness or disability, property damage, etc. Retirement goals are established. The seven steps in investing are as follows: (1)Meet investment prerequisites. Provide for the necessities of life, adequate protection against losses, and setting retirement goals. (2)Establish investment goals. Investment goals are the financial objectives that one wishes to achieve by investing. Common investment goals are: Accumulate retirement funds Enhance current income through interest income and dividends Save for major expenditures like home, education, etc. Shelter income from taxes (3)Adopt an investment plan. An investment plan is a written document describing how funds will be invested. The more specific your investment goal, the easier it will be to establish an investment plan consistent with  your goals. (4)Evaluate investment vehicles. In this step, the measures of risk and return are used to estimate the perceived worth of an investment vehicle. This process is called valuation. (5)Select suitable investments. This step involves careful selection of investments that are consistent with established goals and offer acceptable levels of return, risk, and value. (6)Construct a diversified portfolio. Diversification is the concept of forming a portfolio using different investments to reduce risk and increase return. This concept is central to constructing an effective portfolio. (7)Manage the portfolio. Portfolio management involves monitoring the portfolio and restructuring it as dictated by the actual behavior of the investments. 12.Investment goals are the financial objectives you wish to achieve by investing in any of a wide range of investment vehicles. Common investment goals are as follows: (1)Enhancing current income means choosing investment vehicles that regularly pay dividends and interest that can provide all or some of the money needed to meet living expenses. This is a common goal of retired persons and sometimes an important part of a normal family budget. (2)Saving for major expenditures includes money set aside for such things as the down payment on a home, college tuition, and even an expensive vacation. The amount of money needed and the time period over which one can save will determine the amount set aside and, frequently, the investment vehicle employed. (3)The single most important reason for investing is to accumulate retirement funds. The amount that must be set aside is determined by the level of expected expenditures, expected income from Social Security and other sources, and the amount of interest expected to be earned on savings. (4)Sheltering income from taxes involves taking advantage of certain tax provisions that permit reduction of the income reported to the government or direct reductions in taxes. Investments in certain assets, such as real estate, may be attractive due to their tax advantages. 13.Federal income taxes are charged against all income individuals receive from all sources (with the exception of interest received on some bonds issued by state and local governments). a.Active (ordinary â€Å"earned†) income is the broadest category and includes income from wages, salaries, bonuses, tips, pension income, and alimony. It is made up of income earned on the job as well as most other forms of noninvestment income. b.Portfolio (investment) income is earnings generated from various  types of investment holdings. For the most part, it consists of interest, dividends, and capital gains earned on most types of investments. Passive income is a special category that consists of income derived chiefly from real estate, limited partnerships, and other forms of tax shelters. c.Capital gains are the profits earned on the sale of capital assets—pleasure or investment. They are measured by the amount by which the proceeds from the sale of the capital asset exceed its original purchase price. Currently, long-term capital gains are taxed at preferential rates to ordinary income. Capital gains are appealing to investors because they are not taxed until they are actually realized. d.A capital loss is the amount by which the proceeds from the sale of a capital asset are less than its original purchase price. Up to $3,000 of net losses can be applied against ordinary income in any one year, with the unused portion carried forward to offset future income. e.Due to the opportunities and challenges created by the tax laws, tax planning is an important part of the investment process. Tax planning involves looking at an individual’s current and projected earnings and developing strategies that will defer or minimize the level of his or her taxes. Tax plans involve current income, capital gains, or tax-sheltered investments. For example, one strategy is to take losses as they occur and to delay taking profits in order to minimize current taxable income. f.In general, tax-advantaged retirement plans allow individuals to defer taxes on the contribution and/or portfolio earnings until some future date when retirement withdrawals take place. There are employer-sponsored plans (such as 401(k) accounts), individual-created plans (such as Keogh plans), and individual retirement accounts (IRAs). 14.Investors tend to follow different investment strategies as they move through different stages of their life cycle. a.Young investors, ages 20 to 45, tend to prefer growth-oriented investments that stress capital gains rather than income. These investors have little investable funds, and capital gains are seen as the quickest way to build up investment capital. b.By middle age, ages 45 to 60, there is a consolidation taking place as family demands and responsibilities change. While growth-oriented securities are still used, investing becomes less speculative. Quality-growth vehicles are employed, and more attention is given to current income. The foundation is being set for retirement. c.As the investor moves into the retirement years, age 60  on, preservation of capital and current income become the principal concerns. High-quality stocks and bonds and money market instruments are used as the investor’s objective is to live as comfortably as possible from the investment income. During retirement, one tries to reap the rewards of a lifetime of saving and investing. 15.Stocks and equity-related securities (such as mutual funds and convertibles) are highly responsive to the economic cycle. During recovery and expansion, stock prices are up. As the decline approaches, stock prices begin to decline as well. Growth-oriented and speculative stocks tend to do especially well in an expanding economy. Bonds and other fixed-income securities are sensitive to movements in interest rates. Bond prices also move in the opposite direction of interest rate changes. This means that if interest rates are expected to rise, bond prices would fall, and bonds would not be a good place to hold investment funds. Interest rates generally shift with the economic cycle. Rates rise during normal recovery and fall during economic declines. 16.An asset is liquid if it can be converted to cash (sold) easily and quickly, with little or no loss in value. You would want to hold liquid assets as emergency funds or to accumulate funds for some specific purpose. IBM stock is not considered a liquid investment even though it can be easily sold. As with stocks in general, you can never be sure that, when funds are needed, you can quickly sell the stock without taking a loss. 17.Purchasing power risk for short-term investments occurs when the rate of return on these investments falls short of the inflation rate. This generally happens to fixed-rate investments such as passbook savings accounts. Most other short-term investments have managed to provide rates of return about equal to the inflation rate when one looks at these short-term rates over long periods of time. Default (nonpayment) risk is very small with most short-term investments. The deposits in banks and other federally insured savings institutions are protected up to $100,000 per account by agencies of the federal government. U.S. Treasury bills are perfectly safe and sometimes called a risk-free investment. Commercial paper and repurchase agreements are extremely safe, based upon p ast experience, even though there have been rare instances of problems. These latter two instruments are also not insured. Money market mutual funds have also had an  exceptionally safe history. Of course, the safest money market funds are those that invest solely in government securities and are virtually default-risk-free. 18.Passbook savings accounts and NOW accounts (a checking account), offered by banks, generally pay a low rate of interest and have no minimum balance. Passbook savings and NOW accounts are primarily used by investors as savings accounts, providing the investor with a highly liquid pool of funds. MMDAs are bank deposit accounts with limited check-writing privileges. Central asset accounts are comprehensive deposit accounts and combine checking, investing, and borrowing activities. MMDAs and asset management accounts are more likely used by investors to earn a competitive short-term return while maintaining liquidity. Each type of account, except for asset management accounts, is insured. All but the passbook account typically require a minimum balance, which varies. 19.a. I bonds are savings bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. They earn interest at a rate that varies with inflation. Interest is exempt from state and local taxes. They are issued in denominations that make them affordable to everyone and mature in 30 years but can be redeemed after one year. b.U.S. Treasury bills are short-term (less than one year) debt obligations of the federal government. T-bills are exempt from state and local income taxes, and federal taxes are deferred. They are regarded as the safest but generally lowest yielding of all investments, and the secondary market for T-bills is highly liquid. c.Certificates of deposits (CDs) are savings vehicles in which funds must remain on deposit for a specified period. Premature withdrawals incur interest penalties. Because of the requirement that they remain on deposit, CDs are less liquid than T-bills, but they are convenient to buy and hold, offer highly competitive returns, and have federal insurance protection. d.Commercial paper is unsecured short-term debt issued by corporations with very high credit standings. The secondary market for commercial paper is very limited and yields are comparable to yields on large-denomination CDs. Typically, only larger institutions deal directly in this market because the denominations range from $25,000 to the more commonly issued $100,000. Commercial paper is not federally insured. e.Bankers’ acceptances are short-term credit arrangements between business firms and banks. Firms use  banker’s acceptances to finance transactions, most often involving firms in foreign countries o r firms with unknown credit capacities. Banker’s acceptances typically are denominated in $100,000 units, are low-risk securities, and have active secondary markets. Yields are slightly below CD yields and commercial paper and above T-bills. f.Money market mutual funds (MMMFs) pool capital of many investors and invest it exclusively in high-yielding, short-term securities, such as T-bills, large CDs, commercial paper, and other similar securities. Because these high-yielding securities are in denominations of $10,000 to $1 million, the MMMF makes them available in a format that is affordable to individual investors. MMMFs are convenient, offer check writing privileges, and yields are based on the ability of the fund manager to invest in various short-term securities. Although they are not federally insured funds, their default risk is nearly zero because the securities they invest in are very low risk and the fund is relatively diversified. 20. The senior managers in a corporation, such as the chief financial officer (CFO), have the primary responsibility of managing the firm’s capital resources and investments. Because so much of the CFO’s primary responsibilities require an understanding of investment principles, a CFO must understand market forces but more importantly communicate in such a way that investors understand the value of the firm and the securities the firm has issued. 21.Because insurance companies have large sums of investment capital under management, they require the skills of a highly trained finance person in investment principles. Since this person is asked to manage risk for individuals as well as businesses, the decisions they make and the strategies they devise will assist the insurance companies’ customers in the creation of their individual successful asset and risk management strategies.

Irony in Ballards Chronopolis :: Ballard Chronopolis Essays

Irony in J. G. Ballard's Chronopolis J. G. Ballard gives us a good idea of the irony in 'Chronopolis' from the very beginning - the actual name 'Chronopolis' - city of time - is an ironic name for a city that has no time Throughout the story Ballard's view of time acts as a focus to the story, around which the plot revolves. The central point of the story is a world without time, without which the story would have no point - none of it would have happened, and it would be just like our world. The impression of time we are given at the beginning of the story is an ironic one, because it seems that time is important, but not really understood; we are told that Newman is in prison for understanding time - yet while he is in prison he controls the situation because of his knowledge of time, and organises the events of the day for Brocken (the block sergeant); 'Brocken... relied on Newman to programme the day for him'. The fact that Newman is 'serving time' for being obsessed with time is the first instance of irony through language that we are given in Chronopolis. This again brings our attention to the irony of Ballard's view of time, and provokes the reader to look more deeply into the text, thus discovering more about the way time works in the world of Chronopolis. At this point we do not learn any more about what happens to Newman, but instead the story has a flashback to when he was a child, and became interested in time. In this way the story is anachronistic - it is not in chronological order, and instead it switches between different points in time. This brings our attention to the way time works in 'Chronopolis'. Due to the fact that they have no time, their world is muddled up, and thinks have no real order - and this is reflected in the way Ballard writes the story. We are then told the story of Newman's childhood, and the way he slowly discovers time and gains an interest in it. Next we are told by Stacey (Newman's English teacher) why time is against the law: 'You can time [someone], know exactly how long it takes him to do something... then you can make him do it faster.

Tourism in India

www. Yesbank. in The Travel and Hospitality Industry India’s travel, tourism and hospitality industry is one of the fastest growing service industries in the country thanks to a burgeoning middle class, increasing purchasing power, a rising inflow of foreign tourists, and successful government campaigns promoting ‘Incredible India'. In 2011 alone, travel and tourism contributed to 6. 4% of the GDP, and is forecast to rise by 7. 3% in 2012. In terms of employment, travel and tourism directly supported 24,975,000 jobs (5% of employment) in 2011, and is expected to rise by 3% in 2012. Also read: Importance of Advertising in Tourism IndustryForeign Exchange Earnings (FEE) from tourism in 2011 were $16,564 million with a growth of 16. 7% over 2010. 14 Clearly, India is fast becoming a popular tourist destination world over. Between April 2000 and December 2011, the hotel and tourism sector generated a total of $3,195. 70 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). 15In 2011 alone, the country welcomed 6. 29 million foreign tourists, compared to 5. 78 million in 2010. 16By 2022, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 11,276,000, generating an expenditure of `1,382. 6 billion. 7 In 2010-11, the travel and hospitality industry faced the challenge of a significant decline in corporate travel due to serious cost cutting by global corporate houses, as well as the fear of terrorism, and a lack of a sense of safety post the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. However, the hospitality sector has shown resilience, improving its security management and performance. With the growth of budget hotels along with low cost airlines, online travel bookings, and group travel, SMEs in the travel and tourism sector have shown rapid progress.They have been targeting niche markets specializing in corporate travel, leisure travel, and even hitherto unheard services like wedding travel and planning. â€Å"IATA statistics show that today, maximum business is generated in Asia. Asia and particularly India now have a major role to play in shaping this sector while also enjoying maximum share. However, with more disposable income, Indians prefer to travel overseas rather than within the country.We have over 14 million Indians traveling overseas, but the figure for inbound tourism stands at a dismal 6 million – this can definitely increase if we begin to seriously promote India as a destination to be explored and discovered. †, says Vivek Dadhich, Managing Director of Noida-based Bluemoon Travels, a new age travel company offering leisure travel and MIC E – travel planning services for Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions. As per an analysis done by retail consultancy Technopak, at the end of 2010 the Indian hotel industry’s worth was estimated around US$ 17 billion.The share of hotel and restaurant sector in the overall economy is still below 2 per cent. For the last five years the total contribution of the hospitality sector has remained stagnant. Although the overall share increased from 1. 46 per cent in 2004-05 to 1. 69 per cent in 2007-08, but then after the phase of economic meltdown in US the total share again decreased to 1. 45 per cent in 2009-10. India ranks in the 153rd position spending 0. 9% for tourism. The hotel and tourism industry’s contribution to the Indian economy by way of foreign direct investments (FDI) inflows were pegged at US$ 2. 5 billion from April 2000 to February 2011, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). As per an analysis done by r etail consultancy Technopak, at the end of 2010 the Indian hotel industry’s worth was estimated around US$ 17 billion. The share of hotel and restaurant sector in the overall economy is still below 2 per cent. For the last five years the total contribution of the hospitality sector has remained stagnant. Although the overall share increased from 1. 46 per cent in 2004-05 to 1. 69 per cent in 2007-08, but then after the phase of economic meltdown in US the total share again decreased to 1. 5 per cent in 2009-10. India ranks in the 153rd position spending 0. 9% for tourism. The hotel and tourism industry’s contribution to the Indian economy by way of foreign direct investments (FDI) inflows were pegged at US$ 2. 35 billion from April 2000 to February 2011, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). www. oifc. com overseas Indian facilitation center According to the Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research, released by World Travel and Touri sm Council (WTTC) and its strategic partner Oxford Economics in 2011: * The direct contribution of Travel ;Tourism to GDP is expected to be INR 1,570. billion (US$ 35. 4 billion) (1. 9 per cent of total GDP) in 2011, rising by 8. 1 per cent per annum (pa) to INR 3,414. 8 billion (US$ 77. 0 billion*) (2. 0 per cent) in 2021 * The total contribution of Travel ;Tourism to GDP, including its wider economic impacts, is forecast to rise by 8. 8 per cent pa from INR 3,680. 4 billion (US$ 83. 0 billion) (4. 5 per cent of GDP) in 2011 to INR 8,523. 1 billion (US$ 191. 2 billion*) (4. 9 per cent) by 2021. Total Contribution of Travel ; Tourism to GDP Source: World Travel ; Tourism CouncilThe TSA research also states that the sector is expected to support directly 24,931,000 jobs (5. 0 per cent of total employment) in 2011, rising by 2. 0 per cent pa to 30,439,000 jobs (5. 2 per cent) by 2021. Hotel Industry Due to increasing number of foreign tourist arrivals, together with the growth of dome stic tourism in the country, the hotel industry is also witnessing continued momentum. The Indian Hospitality industry contributes around 2. 2 per cent of India’s GDP. The industry is expected to reach INR 230 billion (US$ 5. 2 billion*) by 2015, growing at a robust CAGR of 12. per cent. India will be investing around INR 448 billion (US$ 10. 1 billion*) in the hospitality industry in the next five years, according to a report ‘The Indian Hotel Industry Report – 2011 Edition’ by CYGNUS Business Consulting ; Research Firm. The industry also witnessed an increase in the number of hotel rooms with a growth of 5 per cent during the last three to four years. In the next two years, a total investment of US$ 12. 2 billion (INR 545. 2 billion*) is expected that will add over 20 new international brands in the hospitality sector.Rise of budget hotels in the country, like Ginger Hotels, Lemon Tree, Sarovar Hotels, Fortune Hotels, Ibis and Choice Hotels clearly sugge st a huge growth potential in the sector. The Growth Path Foreign tourist arrivals in the country have increased substantially during the past decade motivated by both, business and leisure needs and are further expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 8 per cent during 2010-2014, as per a research report ‘Indian Tourism Industry Analysis’ by research firm RNCOS.In fact, the Tourism sector enjoyed strong growth during 2010, as indicated in the data released by the Ministry of Tourism in January 2011. As per the data, in 2010, the country experienced a strong rebound in the Tourism industry. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) * FTAs in India during 2010 were 5. 58 million with a growth rate of 8. 1 per cent as compared to the FTAs of 5. 17 million and growth rate of (-)2. 2 per cent during 2009. * The 8. 1 per cent growth rate in FTAs for 2010 over 2009 for India is much better than UNWTO’s projected growth rate of 5 per cent to 6 per cent f or the world during the same period. FTAs during the month of June 2011, was 3. 96 lakh as compared to FTAs of 3. 70 lakh during the month of June 2010 and 3. 52 lakh in June 2009. There has been a growth of 7. 2 per cent in June 2011 over June 2010 as compared to a growth of 4. 9 per cent registered in June 2010 over June 2009. FTAs during the period January-June 2011 were 29. 19 lakh with a growth of 10. 9 per cent, as compared to the FTAs of 26. 32 lakh with a growth of 8. 9 per cent during January-June 2010 over the corresponding period of 2009. * FEE from Tourism in INR terms during 2010 were INR 648. billion as compared to INR 549. 6 billion during 2009 and INR 507. 3 billion during 2008. FEE from tourism in US$ terms during 2010 were US$ 14. 2 billion as compared to US$ 11. 4 billion during 2009 and US$ 11. 7 billion during 2008. * The growth rate in FEE in INR terms during 2010 was 18. 1 per cent as compared to the growth rate of 8. 3 per cent in 2009 over 2008. Therefore, t he growth rate observed in 2010 over 2009 was substantially high. The growth rate in FEE in US$ terms during 2010 was 24. 6 per cent as compared to a decline of 3 per cent in 2009 over 2008.Therefore, in US$ terms, also growth rate observed in 2010 was positive and substantially high. * FEE in INR terms during the month of June 2011 were INR 54. 4 billion as compared to INR 47. 5 billion in June 2010 and INR 38. 0 billion in June 2009. FEE in US$ terms during the month of June 2011 were US$ 1. 2 billion as compared to FEE of US$ 1. 0 billion during the month of June 2010 and US$ 0. 7 billion in June 2009. * The growth rate in FEE in INR terms in June 2011 over June 2010 was 14. 5 per cent as compared to 25. 0 per cent in June 2010 over June 2009.The growth rate in FEE in US$ terms in June 2011 over June 2010 was 18. 9 per cent as compared to the growth of 28. 1 per cent in June 2010 over June 2009. * FEE from Tourism in INR terms during January-June 2011 were INR 351. 6 billion with a growth of 12. 1 per cent, as compared to the FEE of INR 313. 7 billion with a growth of 27. 1 per cent during January-June 2010 over the corresponding period of 2009. * FEE from Tourism in terms of US$ during January-June 2011 were US$ 7. 8 billion with a growth of 14. 2 per cent, as compared to US$ 6. billion with a growth of 36. 6 per cent during January-June 2010 over the corresponding period of 2009. Visitor exports are a key component of the direct contribution of the sector. According to the TSA research, India is expected to attract 6,179,000 international tourist (overnight visitor) arrivals in 2011, generating INR 678. 6 billion (US$ 15. 3 billion) in visitor exports (foreign visitor spending, including spending on transportation). By 2021, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 11,149,000, an increase of 6. per cent pa generating expenditure of INR 1,344. 7 billion (US$ 30. 3 billion*). Visitor Exports and International Tourist Arrivals Hospitalityindia. c om Tourism in India is the largest service industry, with a contribution of 6. 23% to the national GDP and 8. 78% of the total employment in India. Indiabiz. com According to Economic Survey of 2010-11 the average annual growth rate of hotel and restaurant sector has been 8. 8 per cent for the period during 2005-06 and 2009–10. However, last two years have not been quite pleasant for the sector as growth faltered badly.Till five years ago, the sector was registering a growth of around 15 per cent but slowdown in the economy has affected the growth prospects of the sector badly and the growth rate has dropped into single digit level. The sector registered negative growth (-3. 41 per cent) in 2008–09 over the year 2007–08, which was due to the adverse global economic conditions in this year. But, the sector is back in the positive growth territory and clocked a growth of 2. 2 per cent in 2009-10. Annual growth rate (in per cent) Year|   2005-06|   2006-07|   2007-08|   2008-09|   2009-10| Hotels ; Restaurants| 17. | 14. 4| 13. 1| -3. 1| 2. 2| Source: Economic Survey 2010-11 Growth Prospects Healthy economic growth recorded in past few years, especially in the services industry, has led to increase in business travel. Higher disposable income and affordability have increased domestic leisure travel in India. Foreign tourist arrivals in India have also grown. The industry’s performance was hit in 2009 due to the global economic slowdown, terror attacks in Mumbai (November 2008) and H1N1 virus. However, the industry has shown signs of recovery in the first half of 2010.This is a clear indicator that the long-term prospects for the Indian travel and tourism industry are bright. India is expected to witness increased tourist activity both in the business and leisure segments in the coming years. International inbound traffic is expected to grow rapidly with increasing investment and trade activity. India has been identified as on e of the fastest-growing countries in terms of tourism demand. The travel and tourism demand is expected to reach US$ 266. 1 bn (` 14,601. 7 bn) by 2019. During 2004–2009 travel and tourism demand in India increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16. % to US$ 91. 7 bn (` 4,412. 7 bn) and foreign exchange earnings from tourism increased ~13% to US$ 11. 39 bn. Some prominent players : Sahara group, viceroy hotels,Carlson, UAE based Istithmar hotel, Netherlands based Golden Tulip Hospitality group, IRCTC, Leela Palace and resorts, DLF Universal Major players: Indian Hotels Company Limited (the Taj group) EIH Limited (the Oberoi group) ITC Hotels Limited Indian Tourism Development Corporation Small chains: Hotel Leela Venture Asian Hotels (Hyatt International Corporation) Bharat Hotels Public Sector Chain:ITDC and HCI Govt initiatives: Incredible India Atithie devo bhava Porter’s five forces: Threat of substitute goods: Presence of many hotels around the corner Hotels have varying price ranges and amenities and it is difficult to predict customer’s choice of choosing a hotel. The internet makes the overall market more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating new substitution threats. Another hotel chain may erode your customer base with a newly formulated internet approach or marketing campaign. Bargaining Power of Buyers:Business persons choosing a hotel are tech savvy and find it easy to search for cheaper hotels in internet and book them. This eliminates middle men and intermediaries which in turn increases the bargaining power. The cost of switching is very low, which is again a high bargaining power on the side of buyers. This industry has numerous customers who are  relatively very small in size. Loss of  a single customer has little impact on a hotel company and this drives down the buyers  bargaining power. Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors in the hotel ind ustry is fierce.When potential customers can learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences among competitors. People tend to seek the best price for the best experience and the tendency is to reduce price to be competitive. The internet covers wide geographical areas so the market is widened increasing the number of competitors. Barriers to entry: Initial investment cost is very high. A vital barrier would be differentiation. A hotel that can differential itself by location, by service, amenities or some other quality has the potential to attract and keep its clients.Another barrier to entry would be expertise. Unfortunately, in a mobile society employees frequently leave one hotel chain to work in another and they take that expertise in terms of training or of experience with them. It is in the areas of expertise and of differentiation that a hotel can make the greatest impact on its client and thereby on its bottom line. Economies of scale are also a huge facto r in this industry. Profitability of hotel chains is  drastically higher  than individual operations.A new entrant cannot  compete with established players in terms or quality and price  if they cannot establish significant economies of scale. High exit barriers because of the specialized assets. Bargaining power of suppliers: Two key suppliers for hotel industry are labour and real estate. The number of suppliers for  the Hotel industry is quite large and each supplier  is very small in size compared to the leading players in the industry. These few  powerful players are indispensible to the suppliers. Substitutability of the suppliers is also quite feasible and inexpensive.Switching between real estate agents is not going to affect  a particular Hotel company significantly. However in terms of quality, training centers for employees and ICT  manufacturers who provide IT systems that for property management are relatively more difficult to replace. Therefore in te rms of  substitute suppliers industry attractiveness is  moderately high. Industry’s threat of backward integration is pretty high since large hotel chains like ITC or IHCL  would have no qualms expanding into the real estate  business or developing employee training facilities in-house. Technology:Innovative designs, technological advancements and next generation interior concepts are keys to maintaining the Indian hospitality industry's success and to attract the next generation of customers. The concept, design, plan, materials, technology each aspect used in a hotel, restaurant or any property is ever changing and breaths technology for advancement and recognition. The brand loyalty increases with the concept and luxury of the hotel, no more with names. Technology plays a vital role in helping hotels expand and provide great services to the next generation of travellers.Availability enquiries, travel arrangements, local transport, gate entry, reception desks, elev ators, room, in-room features and everything travellers see and touch hotel are enhanced with the right technology and concept. To harness India’s tourism potential, several efforts are being taken for opening new destinations and exploring niche segments. However, infrastructure facilities such as air, rail, road connectivity, and hospitality services at these destinations and the connecting cities are inadequate.This remains a major hurdle for development of tourism. Roadways form a vital network in the tourist industry with almost 70% tourists in India travelling by road. Moreover, many tourist circuits depend on roads. Despite numerous efforts to improve road infrastructure, connectivity remains a major problem. There is a greater need for strengthened road and rail network, development of more expressways, and tourist-specific routes to improve connectivity to various locations across different regions.Aviation infrastructure is also critical since it is a major mode of entry for inbound tourism. Passenger traffic is expected to increase in the coming years; however infrastructure facilities at airports are cause for concern. Expansion and development of airports at major gateway cities is underway to cater to the increasing passenger traffic. However, in addition, airport facilities at important secondary cities and tourist destinations also need to be improved to be able to handle greater passenger traffic.